Integrated Effects of Safety Culture Dimensions on Occupational Health and Safety Performance: Insights from Balikpapan Refinery Contractors
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54518/rh.6.1.2026.1022Keywords:
Behavioral, Contractor Workers, Occupational Health and Safety, Oil and Gas Industry, Psychological, Safety CultureAbstract
The oil and gas sector faces high accident risks, making safety culture vital, especially for contractors. In Balikpapan’s refineries, gaps in perception, behavior, and support systems lead to inconsistent safety practices and lingering hazards. This study aims to examine the influence of safety culture dimensions, psychological, behavioral, and situational, on occupational health and safety performance among contractor workers in this high-risk setting. A quantitative approach was adopted using a cross-sectional survey of 382 contractor workers. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire with Likert-scale items and analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling. The measurement model confirmed validity and reliability after minor item refinement, while the structural model assessed direct and combined effects of the dimensions. Results show that all three dimensions positively and significantly influence occupational health and safety performance, with the situational dimension exerting the strongest effect, followed by behavioral and psychological dimensions. Together, the dimensions explained nearly seventy percent of the variance in performance. The study concludes that integrated development of organizational systems, consistent safe behaviors, and supportive worker perceptions is essential for enhancing safety outcomes in contractor-heavy environments. Strengthening situational factors offers the greatest potential for reducing risks and supporting zero-accident goals in the industry.
Downloads
References
Abeje, M., & Luo, F. (2023). The influence of safety culture and climate on safety performance: Mediating role of employee engagement in manufacturing enterprises in Ethiopia. Sustainability, 15(14), 112-124.
Altawal, A., Arakzeh, M., & El-Ashi, R. (2023). Promoting a Culture of Behavior-Based Safety (BBS). In SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference (p. 116-135). Texas: SPE.
Aula, H. R., Kurniasih, D., & Rachman, F. (2021). Psychological capital impacts on safety behavior of contractor workers using the SEM method. The Indonesian Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 10(2), 180–187.
Bautista-Bernal, I., Quintana-García, C., & Marchante-Lara, M. (2024). Safety culture, safety performance and financial performance. A longitudinal study. Safety science, 172(20), 106-119.
Cooper, M. D. (2000). Towards a model of safety culture. Safety Science, 36(2), 111–136.
Dera, A. K., Adedokun, M. W., & Iyiola, K. (2025). The psychosocial safety climate's influence on safety behavior and employee engagement: Does safety leadership really count? Behavioral Sciences, 15(2), 179.
ESDM. (2024). ATLAS keselamatan migas. Retrieved on August 12, 2025, from https://migas.esdm.go.id/Buku-Referensi-1
Ghozali, I. (2016). Aplikasi analisis multivariete dengan program IBM SPSS 23 (Edisi 8). Semarang: Badan Penerbit UNDIP.
Guldenmund, F. W. (2000). The nature of safety culture: A review of theory and research. Safety Science, 34(1–3), 215–257.
Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., & Kuppelwieser, V. G. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) an emerging tool in business research. European Business Review, 26(2), 106–121.
Heryati, A. N., Nurahaju, R., Nurcholis, G., & Nurcahyo, F. A. (2019). Effect of safety climate on safety behavior in employees: The mediation of safety motivation. Psikohumaniora: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 4(2), 191-200.
ILO. (2020). Safety + health for all. An ILO flagship programme: Key facts and figures (2016-2020). Retrieved on August 20, 2025, from https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/safety-and-health-at-work/lang--en/index.htm.
Indrayani, I., & Kusumojanto, D. D. (2020). An occupational safety and health management system to minimize work accidents. JBMI (Jurnal Bisnis, Manajemen, Dan Informatika), 17(2), 162-166.
IOGP. (2021). Safety performance indicators. Retrieved on August 25, 2025 from https://www.iogp.org
Jasiulewicz-Kaczmarek, M., Antosz, K., Wyczółkowski, R., & Sławińska, M. (2022). Integrated approach for safety culture factor evaluation from a sustainability perspective. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(19), 118-129.
Karya, A. F. D. (2021). Kajian singkat terhadap penanganan keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja di sektor migas. Riset Sains dan Teknologi Kelautan, 5(3), 59-61.
Kontogiannis, T., Leva, M. C., & Balfe, N. (2017). Total safety management: principles, processes and methods. Safety science, 100(10),128-142.
Kumar, P., Veluri, A., Palagummi, S. V., Al Dhaheri, S. M., Bazuhair, A., & Surendran, S. (2024). Transforming reactive into proactive monitoring through effective lessons learned and enhanced safety culture to prevent incidents. In SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Health, Safety, Environment, and Sustainability? (p. D012S014R001). Texas: SPE.
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. (2017). Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Number 38 of 2017 concerning safety inspections of installations and equipment in oil and gas business activities.
Naji, G. M. A., Isha, A. S. N., Mohyaldinn, M. E., Leka, S., Saleem, M. S., Rahman, S. M. N. B. S. A., & Alzoraiki, M. (2021). Impact of safety culture on safety performance; mediating role of psychosocial hazard: An integrated modelling approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16), 85-98.
Nelson, A., & Zega, Y. A. (2021). Influence of occupational health safety (OHS) culture, commitment management, OHS training on OHS performance in oil & gas contractors company in Batam Island. Journal of Business Studies and Management Review, 4(2), 111–118.
Newaz, M. T., Davis, P., Jefferies, M., & Pillay, M. (2019). The psychological contract: A missing link between safety climate and safety behaviour on construction sites. Safety Science, 112(10), 9-17.
Nugroho, R. E., Agustinus Hariadi, D. P., & Shofa, M. J. (2023). Effect of OHS, work accidents, work culture and OHS Competence on OHS performance in national construction companies. Saudi J Bus Manag Stud, 8(8), 171-177.
Pagoray, G. L. (2022). Penilaian risiko K3 dengan metode HIRARC dan safety policy pada preservasi jalan Oransbari-Mameh di Kabupaten Manokwari. Jurnal Ilmiah Ecosystem, 22(3), 475–486.
Pradja, B. P., & Wibowo, S. N. (2022). The effect of occupational health safety (K3) and work environment on employee performance. IJESS International Journal of Education and Social Science, 3(2), 82–89.
PT KPB. (2025). PT Kilang Pertamina Balikpapan. Retrieved on October, 25, 2025 from https://kpb.pertamina.com/en
Reason, J. (2016). Managing the risks of organizational accidents. London: Routledge.
Setiawan, F., & Astutik, M. (2022). The effect of training, supervision and occupational safety and health (K3) culture on employee performance. Indonesian Journal of Law and Economics Review, 17(4), 65-72.
Sugiyono. (2017). Metode penelitian kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta
Tamon, O., Setiawan, E. W., & Sapsudin, A. (2025). Legal protection for doctors under Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning health. Research Horizon, 5(4), 1281-1292.
Thomas, M. J. (2012). A systematic review of the effectiveness of safety management systems (No. AR-2011-148). Cham: Springer.
Timbang, A., Prasad, D. M. R., & Azri, M. H. (2023). The perspective of leadership and management commitment in process safety management. Indian Chemical Engineer, 65(4), 381–394.
Vinodkumar, M. N., & Bhasi, M. (2010). Safety management practices and safety behaviour: Assessing the mediating role of safety knowledge and motivation. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42(6), 2082–2093.
Zwetsloot, G., Leka, S., Kines, P., & Jain, A. (2020). Vision zero: Developing proactive leading indicators for safety, health and wellbeing at work. Safety Science, 130(12), 104-111.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Dessy Chaterina Ullyma Gultom, Erislan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
